Pengertian DNS

DNS adalah sebuah sistem yang menyimpan informasi tentang nama host ataupun nama domain dalam bentuk basis data tersebar (distributed database) di dalam jaringan komputer, misalkan: Internet. DNS menyediakan alamat IP untuk setiap nama host dan mendata setiap server transmisi surat (mail exchange server) yang menerima surel (email) untuk setiap domain. Menurut browser Google Chrome, DNS adalah layanan jaringan yang menerjemahkan nama situs web menjadi alamat internet.
DNS menyediakan pelayanan yang cukup penting untuk Internet, ketika perangkat keras komputer dan jaringan bekerja dengan alamat IP untuk mengerjakan tugas seperti pengalamatan dan penjaluran (routing), manusia pada umumnya lebih memilih untuk menggunakan nama host dan nama domain, contohnya adalah penunjukan sumber universal (URL) dan alamat surel. Analogi yang umum digunakan untuk menjelaskan fungsinya adalah DNS bisa dianggap seperti buku telepon internet dimana saat pengguna mengetikkan www.indosat.net.id di peramban web maka pengguna akan diarahkan ke alamat IP 124.81.92.144 (IPv4) dan 2001:e00:d:10:3:140::83 (IPv6).

Sejarah singkat DNS
Penggunaan nama sebagai pengabstraksi alamat mesin di sebuah jaringan komputer yang lebih dikenal oleh manusia mengalahkan TCP/IP, dan kembali ke zaman ARPAnet. Dahulu, seluruh komputer di jaringan komputer menggunakan file HOSTS.TXT dari SRI (sekarang SIR International), yang memetakan sebuah alamat ke sebuah nama (secara teknis, file ini masih ada - sebagian besar sistem operasi modern menggunakannya dengan baik secara baku maupun melalui cara konfigurasi, dapat melihat Hosts file untuk menyamakan sebuah nama host menjadi sebuah alamat IP sebelum melakukan pencarian via DNS). Namun, sistem tersebut di atas mewarisi beberapa keterbatasan yang mencolok dari sisi prasyarat, setiap saat sebuah alamat komputer berubah, setiap sistem yang hendak berhubungan dengan komputer tersebut harus melakukan update terhadap file Hosts.
Dengan berkembangnya jaringan komputer, membutuhkan sistem yang bisa dikembangkan: sebuah sistem yang bisa mengganti alamat host hanya di satu tempat, host lain akan mempelajari perubaha tersebut secara dinamis. Inilah DNS.
Paul Mockapetris menemukan DNS pada tahun 1983; spesifikasi asli muncul di RFC 882 dan 883. Tahun 1987, penerbitan RFC 1034 dan RFC 1035 membuat update terhadap spesifikasi DNS. Hal ini membuat RFC 882 dan RFC 883 tidak berlaku lagi. Beberapa RFC terkini telah memproposikan beberapa tambahan dari protokol inti DNS.

Teori bekerja DNS
Pengelola dari sistem DNS terdiri dari tiga komponen:
•    DNS resolver, sebuah program klien yang berjalan di komputer pengguna, yang membuat permintaan DNS dari program aplikasi.
•    recursive DNS server, yang melakukan pencarian melalui DNS sebagai tanggapan permintaan dari resolver, dan mengembalikan jawaban kepada para resolver tersebut;
dan ...
•    authoritative DNS server yang memberikan jawaban terhadap permintaan dari recursor, baik dalam bentuk sebuah jawaban, maupun dalam bentuk delegasi (misalkan: mereferensikan ke authoritative DNS server lainnya)

Pengertian beberapa bagian dari nama domain
Sebuah nama domain biasanya terdiri dari dua bagian atau lebih (secara teknis disebut label), dipisahkan dengan titik.
•    Label paling kanan menyatakan top-level domain - domain tingkat atas/tinggi (misalkan, alamat www.wikipedia.org memiliki top-level domain org).
•    Setiap label di sebelah kirinya menyatakan sebuah sub-divisi atau subdomain dari domain yang lebih tinggi. Catatan: "subdomain" menyatakan ketergantungan relatif, bukan absolut. Contoh: wikipedia.org merupakan subdomain dari domain org, dan id.wikipedia.org dapat membentuk subdomain dari domain wikipedia.org (pada praktiknya, id.wikipedia.org sesungguhnya mewakili sebuah nama host - lihat dibawah). Secara teori, pembagian seperti ini dapat mencapai kedalaman 127 level, dan setiap label dapat terbentuk sampai dengan 63 karakter, selama total nama domain tidak melebihi panjang 255 karakter. Tetapi secara praktik, beberapa pendaftar nama domain (domain name registry) memiliki batas yang lebih sedikit.
•    Terakhir, bagian paling kiri dari bagian nama domain (biasanya) menyatakan nama host. Sisa dari nama domain menyatakan cara untuk membangun jalur logis untuk informasi yang dibutuhkan; nama host adalah tujuan sebenarnya dari nama sistem yang dicari alamat IP-nya. Contoh: nama domain www.wikipedia.org memiliki nama host "www".
DNS memiliki kumpulan hierarki dari DNS servers. Setiap domain atau subdomain memiliki satu atau lebih authoritative DNS Servers (server DNS otorisatif) yang mempublikasikan informasi tentang domain tersebut dan nama-nama server dari setiap domain di-"bawah"-nya. Pada puncak hirarki, terdapat root servers- induk server nama: server yang ditanyakan ketika mencari (menyelesaikan/resolving) dari sebuah nama domain tertinggi (top-level domain).
Sebuah contoh dari teori rekursif DNS
Sebuah contoh mungkin dapat memperjelas proses ini. Andaikan ada aplikasi yang memerlukan pencarian alamat IP dari www.wikipedia.org. Aplikasi tersebut bertanya ke DNS recursor lokal.
•    Sebelum dimulai, recursor harus mengetahui dimana dapat menemukan root nameserver; administrator dari recursive DNS server secara manual mengatur (dan melakukan update secara berkala) sebuah file dengan nama root hints zone (panduan akar DNS) yang menyatakan alamat-alamt IP dari para server tersebut.
•    Proses dimulai oleh recursor yang bertanya kepada para root server tersebut - misalkan: server dengan alamat IP "198.41.0.4" - pertanyaan "apakah alamat IP dari www.wikipedia.org?"
•    Root server menjawab dengan sebuah delegasi, arti kasarnya: "Saya tidak tahu alamat IP dari www.wikipedia.org, tapi saya "tahu" bahwa server DNS di 204.74.112.1 memiliki informasi tentang domain org."
•    Recursor DNS lokal kemudian bertanya kepada server DNS (yaitu: 204.74.112.1) pertanyaan yang sama seperti yang diberikan kepada root server. "apa alamat IP dari www.wikipedia.org?". (umumnya) akan didapatkan jawaban yang sejenis, "saya tidak tahu alamat dari www.wikipedia.org, tapi saya "tahu" bahwa server 207.142.131.234 memiliki informasi dari domain wikipedia.org."
•    Akhirnya, pertanyaan beralih kepada server DNS ketiga (207.142.131.234), yang menjawab dengan alamat IP yang dibutuhkan.
Proses ini menggunakan pencarian rekursif (recursion / recursive searching).

Pengertian pendaftaran domain dan glue records
Membaca contoh di atas, Anda mungkin bertanya: "bagaimana caranya DNS server 204.74.112.1 tahu alamat IP mana yang diberikan untuk domain wikipedia.org?" Pada awal proses, kita mencatat bahwa sebuah DNS recursor memiliki alamat IP dari para root server yang (kurang-lebih) didata secara explisit (hard coded). Mirip dengan hal tersebut, server nama (name server) yang otoritatif untuk top-level domain mengalami perubahan yang jarang.
Namun, server nama yang memberikan jawaban otorisatif bagi nama domain yang umum mengalami perubahan yang cukup sering. Sebagai bagian dari proses pendaftaran sebuah nama domain (dan beberapa waktu sesudahnya), pendaftar memberikan pendaftaran dengan server nama yang akan mengotorisasikan nama domain tersebut; maka ketika mendaftar wikipedia.org, domain tersebut terhubung dengan server nama gunther.bomis.com dan zwinger.wikipedia.org di pendaftar .org. Kemudian, dari contoh di atas, ketika server dikenali sebagai 204.74.112.1 menerima sebuah permintaan, DNS server memindai daftar domain yang ada, mencari wikipedia.org, dan mengembalikan server nama yang terhubung dengan domain tersebut.
Biasanya, server nama muncul berdasarkan urutan nama, selain berdasarkan alamat IP. Hal ini menimbulkan string lain dari permintaan DNS untuk menyelesaikan nama dari server nama; ketika sebuah alamat IP dari server nama mendapatkan sebuah pendaftaran di zona induk, para programmer jaringan komputer menamakannya sebuah glue record.




posting by : Arizki & Ramadlan

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Pengertian Server

Server merupakan sebuah sistem komputer yang menyediakan jenis layanan tertentu dalam sebuah jaringan komputer. Server ini didukung dengan prosesor yang bersifat scalable dan RAM yang besar,dan juga dilengkapi dengan sistem operasi khusus, yang disebut sebagai sistem operasi jaringan. Server ini juga menjalankan perangkat lunak administratif yang mengontrol akses terhadap jaringan dan sumber daya yang terdapat di dalamnya contoh sepertihalnya berkas atau pencetak, dan memberikan akses kepada stasiun kerja anggota jaringan.
Umumnya, di dalam sistem operasi server terdapat berbagai macam layanan yang menggunakan arsitektur klient/server. Contoh dari layanan ini adalah Protokol Konfigurasi Hos Dinamik, server surat, server PTH, server PTB, DNS server, dan lain sebagainya. Setiap sistem operasi server umumnya membundel layanan-layanan tersebut, meskipun pihak ketiga dapat juga membuat layanan tersendiri. Setiap layanan tersebut akan merespon request dari klien. Sebagai contoh, klien PKHD akan memberikan request kepada server yang menjalankan layanan server PKHD; ketika sebuah klien membutuhkan alamat IP, klien akan memberikan request kepada server, dengan bahasa yang dipahami oleh server PKHD, yaitu protokol PKHD itu sendiri.
Contoh sistem operasi server adalah Windows NT 3.51, dan dilanjutkan dengan Windows NT 4.0. Saat ini sistem yang cukup populer adalah Windows 2000 Server dan Windows Server 2003, kemudian Sun Solaris, Unix, dan GNU/Linux.
Server biasanya terhubung dengan klien dengan kabel UTP dan sebuah kartu jaringan. Kartu jaringan ini biasanya berupa kartu PCI atau ISA.
Dilihat dari fungsinya, server bisa di kategorikan dalam beberapa jenis, seperti: server aplikasi, server data maupun server proksi. Server aplikasi adalah server yang digunakan untuk menyimpan berbagai macam aplikasi yang dapat diakses oleh klien, server data sendiri digunakan untuk menyimpan data baik yang digunakan klien secara langsung maupun data yang diproses oleh server aplikasi. Server proksi berfungsi untuk mengatur lalu lintas di jaringan melalui pengaturan proksi. Orang awam lebih mengenal proxy server untuk mengkoneksikan komputer klien ke Internet.
Kegunaan server sangat banyak, misalnya untuk situs internet, ilmu pengetahuan, atau sekedar penyimpanan data.

posting by : Arizki & Ramadlan

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Contoh Makalah Manfaat Cai

                                                  MANGPAAT CAI

*Salah sahiji kaperluan poko sapopoé makhluk hirup di dunya ieu anu henteu bisa kapisahkeun nyaéta Cai. Henteu ngan penting pikeun manusa Cai mangrupa bagian anu penting pikeun makhluk hirup alus sato sarta tubuhan. Tanpa cai kamungkinan euweuh kahirupan di dunya inti alatan kabéh makhluk hirup pohara merlukeun cai pikeun tahan hirup.
Cai mangrupa zat anu pang penting dina kahirupan sanggeus hawa. Kira-kira tilu pér opat bagian ti awak urang diwangun ti cai sarta henteu seorangpun bisa tahan hirup leuwih ti 4-5 poé tanpa inum cai. Sajaba ti éta, cai ogé dipaké pikeun masak, kukumbah, mandi, sarta ngabersihkeun kokotor anu aya di kira-kira imah. Cai ogé dipaké pikeun kaperluan industri, tatanén, pemadam kebakaran, tempat rekreasi, transportasi, sarta séjén-séjén. Panyakit-panyakit anu narajang manusa bisa ogé ditularkan sarta di¬sebarkan ngaliwatan cai. Kaayaan kasebut tinangtu bisa ngabalukarkeun wabah panyakit di mamana.
Manusa meureun bisa hirup sawatara poé tapi manusa moal tahan salila sawatara poé lamun henteu inum alatan geus mutlak yén kalolobaan zat pembentuk awak manusa éta diwangun ti 73% nyaéta cai.
Jadi lain hal anu anyar lamun kahirupan anu aya di dunya ieu bisa terus lumangsung karen sadiana Cai anu cukup.
Dina usaha ngabéla kelangsungan hirupna, manusa narékahan ngayakeun cai anu cukup pikeun dirina sorangan.

Di handap ieu cai mangrupa kaperluan poko pikeun manusa kalayan sagala macem kagiatanana, antara séjén dipaké pikeun:
• kaperluan laki-rabi, contona pikeun inum, masak, mandi, kumbah sarta pakasaban séjénna,
• kaperluan umum, contona pikeun kaberesihan jalan sarta pasar, pengangkutan cai limbah, hiasan dayeuh, tempat rekreasi sarta lain-lainnya.
• kaperluan industri, contona pikeun pabrik sarta wangunan pembangkit tanaga listrik.
• kaperluan perdagangan, contona pikeun hotél, restoran.
• kaperluan tatanén sarta peternakan
• kaperluan pelayaran sarta séjén sajabana

*Mangfaat cai diantarana :

1.Ngabenerkeun kamampuan sarta daya tahan tubuh
Anjeun baris sanggup digawé leuwih teuas/berat lamun meunangkeun cai anu cukup. Minangka tambahan, cai bisa nguatkeun daya tahan awak Anjeun. Alatan cai bisa naékkeun simpanan glycogen, hiji wangun ti karbohidrat anu tersimpan dina otot sarta dipaké minangka energi waktu Anjeun digawé.

2.Nahan lapar
Rasa lapar sakapeung mangrupa penyamaran ti rasa haus. Sawaktu anjeun ngalaman dehidrasi (kakurangan cai) Anjeun meureun ngarasa hayang dahar padahal anu Anjeun butuhkan sabenerna nyaéta cai. Anjeun ogé bisa ngamangpaatkeun éfék rasa wareg ti inum cai pikeun
nyegah dahar kaleuleuwihan.

3.Ngurangan resiko ka sawatara macem panyakit
Para peneliti ayeuna ngayakinan yén cairan atawa benerna cai bisa berperan aktip dina ngurangan resiko ka sawatara panyakit kawas: batu ginjal, kanker saluran kiih, kanker kandung kemih, sarta kanker peujit badag (colon). Inum cukup cai bisa ogé nyingkahan sembelit.

4.Pakarang ampuh ngalawan asup angin atawa pilek
Antibodi dina lendir anu melapisi kerongkongan boga fungsi pikeun ngured virus pilek. Daya tahan ieu baris melemah lamun Anjeun dehidrasi (kakurangan cai) alatan baris ngabalukarkeun lendir jadi garing. Minangka catetan loba ahli kaséhatan merekomendasikan cai minangka ekspektoran anu efektif pikeun ngurangan batuk.

5.Palembab beungeut anu ampuh
Kalayan inum loba cai mantuan kulit Anjeun tetep geunyal sarta gancang sarta ngurangan gurat-gurat sarta kerut dina beungeut.

6.Menangkal rasa letih alatan ngalakonan lalampahan
Hawa panas bisa ngabalukarkeun Anjeun dehidrasi sarta baris ngabalukarkeun rasa letih dina waktu sarta sanggeus lalampahan. Minumlah loba cai saméméh ngalakonan lalampahan sarta hiji gelas unggal jam lalampahan Anjeun.

*Ku alatan éta pisan cai pohara boga fungsi sarta berperan pikeun kahirupan makhluk hirup di bumi ieu. Penting pikeun urang minangka manusa pikeun tetep sok melestarikan sarta ngajaga ambéh cai anu urang paké tetep kajaga kelestariannya kalayan ngalakonan pengelolaan cai anu alus kawas penghematan, henteu miceun runtah sarta limbah anu bisa nyieun pencemaran cai ku kituna bisa menggangu ekosistem anu aya.

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Nama Suku di Indonesia A-Z

Suku Aceh di NAD : Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar
Suku Alas di NAD : Aceh Tenggara
Suku Alordi NTT : Kabupaten Alor
Suku Ambon di Maluku : Kota Ambon
Suku Ampana, Sulawesi Tengah
Suku Anak Dalam (Anak Rimbo) di Jambi
Suku Aneuk Jamee di NAD : Aceh Selatan, Aceh Barat Daya
Suku Arab-Indonesia
Suku Aru di Maluku : Kepulauan Aru
Suku Asmat di Papua


Suku Bali di Bali terdiri :
Suku Bali Majapahit di sebagian besar Pulau Bali
Suku Bali Aga di Karangasem dan Kintamani
Suku Balantak di di Sulawesi Tengah
Suku Banggai di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan
Suku Baduy di Banten
Suku Bajau di Kalimantan Timur
Suku Bangka di Bangka Belitung
Suku Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan
Suku Batak di Sumatera Utara terdiri :
Suku Karo Kabupaten Karo
Suku Mandailing di Mandailing Natal
Suku Angkola di Tapanuli Selatan
Suku Toba di Toba Samosir
Suku Pakpak di Pakpak Bharat
Suku Simalungun di Kabupaten Simalungun
Suku Batin di Jambi
Suku Bawean di Jawa Timur : Gresik
Suku Belitung di Bangka Belitung
Suku Bentong, Sulawesi Selatan
Suku Berau di Kalimantan Timur : Kabupaten Berau
Suku Betawi di Jakarta
Suku Bima NTB : Kota Bima
Suku Boti, Timor Tengah Selatan
Suku Bolang Mongondow di Sulawesi Utara : Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow
Suku Bugis di Sulawesi Selatan
Orang Bugis Pagatan, di Kusan Hilir, Tanah Bumbu, Kalsel
Suku Bungku di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Morowali
Suku Buru di Maluku : Kabupaten Buru
Suku Buol di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Buol
Suku Buton di Sulawesi Tenggara : Kabupaten Buton dan Kota Bau-Bau
Suku Bonai di Riau : Kabupaten Rokan Hilir


Suku Damal di Mimika
Suku Dampeles, Sulawesi Tengah
Suku Dani, Lembah Baliem, Papua
Suku Dayak terdiri :
Suku Punan, Kalimantan Tengah
Suku Kanayatn di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Ibandi Kalimantan Barat
Suku Mualang di Kalimantan Barat : Sekadau, Sintang
Suku Bidayuh di Kalimantan Barat : Sanggau
Suku Mali di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Seberuang di Kalimantan Barat : Sintang
Suku Sekujam di Kalimantan Barat : Sintang
Suku Sekubang di Kalimantan Barat : Sintang
Suku Ketungau di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Desa di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Kantuk di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Ot Danum atau Dohoi di Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan Barat
Suku Limbai di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Kebahan di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Pawan di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Tebidah di Kalimantan Barat
Suku Bakumpai di Kalimantan Selatan Barito Kuala
Orang Barangas di Kalimantan Selatan Barito Kuala
Suku Bukit di Kalimantan Selatan
Orang Dayak Pitap di Awayan, Balangan, Kalsel
Suku Dayak Hulu Banyu di Kalimantan Selatan
Suku Dayak Balangan di Kalimantan Selatan
Suku Dusun Deyah di Kalimantan Selatan : Tabalong
Suku Ngaju di Kalimantan Tengah : Kabupaten Kapuas
Suku Siang Murung di Kalimantan Tengah : Murung Raya
Suku Bara Dia di Kalimantan Tengah : Barito Selatan
Suku Ot Danum di Kalimantan Tengah
Suku Lawangan di Kalimantan Tengah
Suku Dayak Bawo di Kalimantan Tengah : Barito Selatan
Suku Tunjung, Kutai Barat, rumpun Ot Danum
Suku Benuaq, Kutai Barat, rumpun Ot Danum
Suku Bentian, Kutai Barat, rumpun Ot Danum
Suku Bukat, Kutai Barat
Suku Busang, Kutai Barat
Suku Ohong, Kutai Barat
Suku Kayan, Kutai Barat, rumpun Apo Kayan
Suku Bahau, Kutai Barat, rumpun Apo Kayan
Suku Penihing, Kutai Barat, rumpun Punan
Suku Punan, Kutai Barat, rumpun Punan
Suku Modang, Kutai Timur, rumpun Punan
Suku Basap, Bontang-Kutai Timur
Suku Ahe, Kabupaten Berau
Suku Tagol, Malinau, rumpun Murut
Suku Brusu, Malinau, rumpun Murut
Suku Kenyah, Malinau, rumpun Apo Kayan
Suku Lundayeh, Malinau
Suku Pasir di Kalimantan Timur : Kabupaten Pasir
Suku Dusun di Kalimantan Tengah
Suku Maanyan di Kalimantan Tengah : Barito Timur
Orang Maanyan Paju Sapuluh
Orang Maanyan Paju Epat
Orang Maanyan Dayu
Orang Maanyan Paku
Orang Maanyan Benua Lima Maanyan Paju Lima
Orang Dayak Warukin di Tanta, Tabalong, Kalsel
Suku Samihim, Pamukan Utara, Kotabaru, Kalsel
Suku Dompu NTB : Kabupaten Dompu
Suku Donggo, Bima
Suku Duri di Sulawesi Selatan

E
Suku Eropa-Indonesia (orang Indo atau peranakan Eropa-Indonesia)

F
Suku Flores di NTT : Flores Timur

G
Suku Gayo di NAD : Gayo Lues Aceh Tengah Bener Meriah
Suku Gorontalo di Gorontalo : Kota Gorontalo
Suku Gumai di Sumatera Selatan : Lahat
Suku Komering di Sumatera Selatan : Baturaja
Suku Semendo di Sumatera Selatan : Muara Enim
Suku Lintang di Sumatera Selatan : Lahat

I
Suku India-Indonesia

J
Suku Banten di Banten
Suku Cirebon di Jawa Barat : Kota Cirebon
Suku Jawa di Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur
Suku Tengger di Jawa Timur
Suku Osing di Jawa Timur : Banyuwangi
Orang Samin di Jawa Tengah : Purwodadi
Suku Melayu Jambi di Jambi : Kota Jambi

K
Suku Kaili di Sulawesi Tengah : Kota Palu
Suku Kaur di Bengkulu : Kabupaten Kaur
Suku Kayu Agung di Sumatera Selatan
Suku Kerinci di Jambi : Kabupaten Kerinci
Suku Komering di Sumatera Selatan : Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir
Suku Konjo Pegunungan, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan
Suku Konjo Pesisir, Kabupaten Bulukumba, Sulawesi Selatan
Suku Kubu di Jambi dan Sumatera Selatan
Suku Kulawi di Sulawesi Tengah
Suku Kutai di Kalimantan Timur : Kutai Kartanegara
Suku Kluet di NAD : Aceh Selatan
Suku Krui di Lampung

L
Suku Laut, Kepulauan Riau
Suku Lampung di Lampung
Suku Lematang di Sumatera Selatan
Suku Lembak, Kabupaten Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu
Suku Lintang, Sumatera Selatan
Suku Lom, Bangka Belitung
Suku Lore, Sulawesi Tengah
Suku Lubu, daerah perbatasan antara Provinsi Sumatera Utara dan Provinsi Sumatera Barat
Suku Karo Sumatera Utara

M
Suku Madura di Jawa Timur
Suku Makassar di Sulawesi Selatan : Kota Makassar
Suku Mamasa (Toraja Barat) di Sulawesi Barat : Kabupaten Mamasa
Suku Mandar Sulawesi Barat : Polewali Mandar
Suku Melayu
Suku Melayu Riau di Riau
Suku Melayu Tamiang di NAD : Aceh Tamiang
Suku Mentawai di Sumatera Barat : Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai
Suku Minahasa di Sulawesi Utara : Kabupaten Minahasa terdiri 9 subetnik :
Suku Babontehu
Suku Bantik
Suku Pasan Ratahan
Suku Ponosakan
Suku Tonsea
Suku Tontemboan
Suku Toulour
Suku Tonsawang
Suku Tombulu
Suku Minangkabau, Sumatera Barat
Suku Mori, Kabupaten Morowali, Sulawesi Tengah
Suku Muko-Muko di Bengkulu : Kabupaten Mukomuko
Suku Muna di Sulawesi Tenggara : Kabupaten Muna

N
Suku Nias di Sumatera Utara : Kabupaten Nias, Nias Selatan

O
Suku Osing di Banyuwangi Jawa Timur
Suku Ogan di Sumatera Selatan

P
Suku Papua/Irian
Suku Asmat di Kabupaten Asmat
Suku Biak di Kabupaten Biak Numfor
Suku Dani, Lembah Baliem, Papua
Suku Ekagi, daerah Paniai, Abepura, Papua
Suku Amungme di Mimika
Suku Bauzi, Mamberamo hilir, Papua utara
Suku Arfak di Manokwari
Suku Kamoro di Mimika
Suku Palembang di Sumatera Selatan : Kota Palembang
Suku Pamona di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Poso
Suku Pasemah di Sumatera Selatan
Suku Pesisi di Sumatera Utara : Tapanuli Tengah
Suku Pasir di Kalimantan Timur : Kabupaten Pasir

R
Suku Rawa, Rokan Hilir, Riau
Suku Rejang di Bengkulu : Kabupaten Kepahiang, Kabupaten Lebong, dan Kabupaten Rejang Lebong
Suku Rote di NTT : Kabupaten Rote Ndao

S
Suku Saluan di Sulawesi Tengah
Suku Sambas (Melayu Sambas) di Kalimantan Barat : Kabupaten Sambas
Suku Sangir di Sulawesi Utara : Kepulauan Sangihe
Suku Sasak di NTB, Lombok
Suku Sekak Bangka
Suku Sekayu di Sumatera Selatan
Suku Semendo di Bengkulu
Suku Serawai di Bengkulu: Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan dan Kabupaten Seluma
Suku Simeulue di NAD : Kabupaten Simeulue
Suku Sigulai di NAD : Kabupaten Simeulue bagian utara
Suku Sumbawa Di NTB : Kabupaten Sumbawa
Suku Sumba di NTT : Sumba Barat, Sumba Timur
Suku Sunda di Jawa Barat

T
Suku Talaud di Sulawesi Utara : Kepulauan Talaud
Suku Talang Mamak di Riau : Indragiri Hulu
Suku Tamiang di Aceh : Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang
Suku Tengger di Jawa Timur Kabupaten Pasuruan dan Probolinggo lereng G. Bromo
Suku Ternate di Maluku Utara : Kota Ternate
Suku Tidore di Maluku Utara : Kota Tidore
Suku Timor di NTT, Kota Kupang
Suku Tionghoa-Indonesia
Orang Cina Parit di Pelaihari, Tanah Laut, Kalsel
Suku Tojo di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una
Suku Toraja di Sulawesi Selatan : Tana Toraja
Suku Tolaki di Sulawesi Tenggara : Kendari
Suku Toli Toli di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Toli-Toli
Suku Tomini di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Parigi Moutong

U
Suku Una-una di Sulawesi Tengah : Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una


W
Suku Wolio di Sulawesi Tenggara: Buton

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Narrative text

1. The Tiger Who Would Be King

One morning the tiger woke up in the jungle and told his mate that he was king of beasts. "Leo, the lion, is king of beasts," she said. "We need a change," said the tiger. "The creatures are crying for a change." The tigress listened but she could hear no crying, except that of her cubs. "I'll be king of beasts by the time the moon rises," said the tiger. "It will be a yellow moon with black stripes, in my honour." "Oh sure," said the tigress as she went to look after her young, one of whom, a male, very like his father, had got an imaginary thorn in his paw. The tiger prowled through the jungle till he came to the lion's den. "Come out," he roared," and greet the king of beasts! The king is dead, long live the king!" Inside the den, the lioness woke her mate. "The king is here to see you," she said. "What king?" he inquired, sleepily. "The king of beasts," she said. "I am the king of beasts," roared Leo and he charged out of the den to defend his crown against the pretender. It was a terrible fight and it lasted until the setting of the sun. All the animals of the jungle joined in, some taking the side of the tiger and others the side of the lion. Every creature from the aardvark to the zebra took part in the struggle to overthrow the lion or to repulse the tiger, and some did not knot know which they were fighting for, and some fought for both, and some fought whoever was nearest and some fought for the sake of fighting. "What are we fighting for?" someone asked the aardvark. "The old order," said the aardvark. "What are we dying for?" someone asked the zebra. "The new order," said the zebra. When the moon rose, fevered and gibbous, it shone upon a jungle in which nothing stirred except a macaw and a cockatoo, screaming in horror. All the beasts were dead except the tiger, and his days were numbered and his time was ticking away. He was monarch of all he surveyed, but it didn't seem to mean anything. 2. The Fox and the Crow

A crow, perched in a tree with a piece of cheese in his beak, attracted the eye and nose of a fox. "If you can sing as prettily as you sit," said the fox, "then you are the prettiest singer within my scent and sight." The fox had read somewhere, and somewhere, and somewhere else, that praising the voice of a crow with a cheese in his beak would make him drop the cheese and sing. But this is not what happened to this particular crow in this particular case.

"They say you are sly and they say you are crazy," said the crow, having carefully removed the cheese from his beak with the claws of one foot, "but you must be nearsighted as well. Warblers wear gay hats and colored jackets and bright vest, and they are a dollar a hundred. I wear black and I am unique.

"I am sure you are," said the fox, who was neither crazy nor nearsighted, but sly. "I recognize you, now that I look more closely, as the most famed and talented of all birds, and I fain would hear you tell about yourself, but I am hungry and must go."

"Tarry awhile," said the crow quickly, "and share my lunch with me." Whereupon he tossed the cunning fox the lion's share of the cheese, and began to tell about himself. "A ship that sails without a crow's nest sails to doom," he said. "Bars may come and bars may go, but crow bars last forever. I am the pioneer of flight, I am the map maker. Last, but never least, my flight is known to scientists and engineers, geometricians, and scholar, as the shortest distance between two points. Any two points," he concluded arrogantly.

"Oh, every two points, I am sure," said the fox. "And thank you for the lion's share of what I know you could not spare." And with this he trotted away into the woods, his appetite appeased, leaving the hungry crow perched forlornly in the tree.

3. The Wolf and the Dog Once there was a wolf who was nearly dead with hunger. He was very thin, so that the outline of his bones could be seen clearly beneath his thinning coat of hair. With hardly enough energy to walk, the wolf had little hope of finding food. As he lay beneath a large tree, a dog out for a walk noticed him. Seeing how thin and hungry-looking the wolf was, the dog felt sorry for him and said, "You are in terrible shape! You look as if you haven't eaten for many days." "You're right," said the wolf. "I haven't eaten because you and your friends are doing such a good job of guarding the sheep. Now I am so weak that I have little hope of finding food. I think I will surely die." Then why not join us? Asked the dog. "I work regularly and I eat regularly. You could do the same. I will arrange it. You can help me and the other dogs guard the sheep. In that way, we won't have to worry about your stealing the sheep any more and you won't have to worry about going hungry any more. It's a good deal for both of us." The wolf thought it over for a few minutes and then decided that the dog was right. So they went off together toward the ranch house where the dog lived. But, as they were walking, the wolf noticed that the hair on a certain part of the dog's neck was very thin. He was curious about this, for the dog had such a beautiful coat every where else. Finally, he asked the dog about it. "Oh, don't worry about that," said the dog. "It's the place where the collar rubs on my neck when my master chains me up at night." "Chained up!" cried the wolf, "Do you mean that you are chained up at night? If I come to live with you, will I be chained up at night too?" That's right," answered the dog. "But, You'll get used to it soon enough. I hardly think about it anymore." "But, if I am chained up, then I won't be able to walk when I want to take a walk or to run where I want to run," the wolf said. "If I come to live with you, I won't be free anymore." After saying this, the wolf turned and ran away. "The dog called after the wolf, saying, "Wait! Come back! I may not be able to do everything I want to do, but I'm healthy, well-fed, and I have a warm place to sleep. You are too worried about keeping alive to enjoy life. I'm more free than you are." 4. The Fox and The Cat

One day a cat and a fox were having a conversation. The fox, who was a conceited creature, boasted how clever she was. 'Why, I know at least a hundred tricks to get away from our mutual enemies, the dogs,' she said. 'I know only one trick to get away from dogs,' said the cat. 'You should teach me some of yours!' 'Well, maybe some day, when I have the time, I may teach you a few of the simpler ones,' replied the fox airily. Just then they heard the barking of a pack of dogs in the distance. The barking grew louder and louder - the dogs were coming in their direction! At once the cat ran to the nearest tree and climbed into its branches, well out of reach of any dog. 'This is the trick I told you about, the only one I know,' she called down to the fox. 'Which one of your hundred tricks are you going to use?' The fox sat silently under the tree, wondering which trick she should use. Before she could make up her mind, the dogs arrived. They fell upon the fox and tore her to pieces. A single plan that works is better than a hundred doubtful plans. 5. The Lion and The Mouse

Once, as a lion lay sleeping in his den, a naughty little mouse ran up his tail, and onto his back and up his mane and danced and jumped on his head, so that the lion woke up.

lion angry and mouseThe lion grabbed the mouse and, holding him in his large claws, roared in anger. 'How dare you wake me up! Don't you know that I am King of the Beasts? Anyone who disturbs my rest deserves to die! I shall kill you and eat you!'

The terrified mouse, shaking and trembling, begged the lion to let him go. 'Please don't eat me Your Majesty! I did not mean to wake you, it was a mistake. I was only playing. Please let me go - and I promise I will be your friend forever. Who knows but one day I could save your life?'

The lion looked at the tiny mouse and laughed. 'You save my life? What an absurd idea!' he said scornfully. 'But you have made me laugh, and put me into a good mood again, so I shall let you go.' And the lion opened his claws and let the mouse go free.

'Oh thank you, your majesty,' squeaked the mouse, and scurried away as fast as he could.

A few days later the lion was caught in a hunter's snare. Struggle as he might, he couldn't break free and became even more entangled in the net of ropes. He let out a roar of anger that shook the forest. Every animal heard it, including the tiny mouse.

6. The Ugly Duckling

One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs would break out.

Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.

However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey
When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson. The huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly

However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.

The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.

He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he had never been.


7. Love Story "Naruto and Hinata"

Nah kalau yang ini merupakan salah satu contoh narasi pendek bahasa inggris terbaru 2012 yang keren karena berkisah tentang cinta serial animasi terbaru NARUTO

 Naruto was walking alone in the Konoha village, he saw Hinata and waved to her. Fortunately
Hinata turned around and walked over to him.

"Hey, Hinata, would you like to take a walk with me?" Naruto asked smilingly but Hinata blushed and looked down, quiet for a second.
"Hm? What's wrong?" Naruto ask looking at her.
"Oh! Um nothing Naruto kun. I... I love to.. walk with with you." Hinata said shyly.

Naruto placed his hands behind his head and smiled. Hinata walked by him as the two were silent for a moment. "Hinata, why are you so quiet all the time?" Naruto broke the silent.

Hinata didnt answer, then hesitated, "....I.... I've... always... been... that way." She said softly.
"I see. You need to talk more-- how am I supposed to know more about you, if you don't talk. You're always acting weird around me." Naruto pointed out.
Hinata looked at him shyly then looked down looking ashamed. "S.......sorry. I--"
"Hm?" Naruto replied not opening his mouth.
"I..... I l--li.....like y.. you!" She said finally committing her feelings. Her face blushed a deep red.

Naruto stopped walking. He didn't know what to say. Silence took ove the moment.
Tears filled in Hinata's eyes "S-sorry!" She said in a quiet tone as she took off running, ashamed. Tears flew from her eyes as she ran passed.

Naruto ran after her. But Hinata ran fast. Suddenly She tripped on a tree stump. Her face implanted in the dirt, as her hands clenched the grass and dirt. She sobbed quietly.


Naruto finally caught up to her. He crouched down, placed his hand, shaking on Hinatas shoulder. "Hinata... do... do you really like me?" He asked in his quiet tone.

Under her muffled crying voice, Hinata answered, "y...yes..."
Naruto didn't answer for a moment, then he replied, "Well... I have...feelings for you too.... I like you, Hinata"

8. The Myth of Malin Kundang

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.

Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.

An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.

Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail. In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.

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